Calibration Terms
Calibration Terms:
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Magnetic Deflection: Method of bending electrons in a CRT by
means of the magnetic field produced by coils placed outside
the tube.
Management Review: Formal evaluation by top
management of the status and adequacy of the quality system
in relation to quality policy and objectives.
Mass: Measure of the quantity of matter that a body
contains.
Mass Density: Mass per unit volume.
Mass Number: The number of protons and neutrons in the
atomic nucleus of an element.
Mass Unit: A unit of measurement for mass.
Mcleod Gage: A primary instrument for the measurement of
pressure in a vacuum system.
Megohm: 1,000,000 ohms of resistivity.
Measurand: A particular quantity subject to
measurement.
Measurement: The act or process of measuring.
Measurement Standards: A material measure, measuring
instrument, reference material, or system intended to
define, conserve, or reproduce a unit or one or more values
of a quantity in order to transmit them to other measuring
instruments by comparison.
Measurement Uncertainty: The estimated amount by which the
measured quantity may depart from the true value.
Measuring Equipment: All of the measuring
instruments, measurement standards, reference materials,
auxiliary apparatus, and instructions that are necessary to
carry out a measurement. This includes measuring equipment
used in the course of that used in calibration.
Meter: The basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme
International d’Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)
Metrology: The science of measurement.
MEV: The abbreviation for a million electron volts.
MHO: A unit of conductance.
Micro: Equivalence of one millionth.
Micron: A metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a
meter.
Milli: Equivalence of one thousandth.
Minute: 1/60th of a degree.
MKS System: The meter-kilogram-second system.
Model for Quality Assurance: Standardized or selected
set of quality system requirements situation.
Moment Arm: The length of a torque wrench from the center of
pivot to the point where force is applied.
Momentum: The product of the mass of a body and its velocity.
National Institute of Science and Technology: An independent
agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce charged with the
improvement and maintenance of standards.
Neon: An inert element which is a gas at room temperature.
Neutron: An elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about
equal to a proton.
Neutrino: An elementary particle with zero charge and zero
mass.
Newton: A unit of force equal to the force that imparts an
acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to a mass of 1 kilogram.
Newtonian Fluid: A fluid whose absolute viscosity is the
same for all values of shear stress.
Nominal Value: This is normally the value indicated
by the manufacture.
Nonconformity: Nonfulfillment of a specified
requirement.
Nonlinear: Pertaining to a response which is not directly or
inversely proportional to a given variable.
Normally Closed (NC) Switch: A switch in which the contracts
are closed without any external force acting upon it.
Normally Open (NO) Switch: A switch in which contracts are
open when no external forces act upon the switch.
Null Method: Any method of measurement in which the reading
is taken at zero.
Objective Evidence: Information that can be proved
true, based on facts obtained through observation,
measurement, tests or other means.
OHM: A unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance
between two points on a conductor when a potential
difference of one volt between them produces a current of
one ampere.
OHMmeter: A instrument for measuring resistance.
Optical Pyrometer: An instrument designed to estimate the
temperature of glowing surfaces.
Optical Tooling: The geometric method of optically
establishing a precise line and/or reference plane.
Organization: Company, corporation, firm, enterprise,
or institution or part, thereof, whether incorporated or
not, public or private, that has its own functions and
administration.
Organizational Structure: Responsibilities,
authorities, and relationships, arranges in a pattern,
through which an organization performs its functions.
Out of Phase: Having waveforms that are of the same
frequency but not passing through corresponding values at
the same instants.
Out-of-Round: The high and low spots in a true circle.
Overshoot: The initial transient response to an
unidirectional change in input which exceeds the steady stat
response.
Packing Fraction: The difference between the atomic weight
in mass units and the mass number of an element divided by
the mass number and multiplied by 10,000.
Parallax: The apparent displacement of an object as seen
from two different points that is not on a line with the
object.
Parallel Transmission: Transmission of data bits over
different lines, as opposed to serial transmission.
Peak-to-Peak Amplitude: The amplitude of an alternating
quantity measured from positive to negative peak.
pH: A indication of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
PID Control: Control in which the control signal is a linear
combination of the error signal, its integral, and its
derivative.
Pointer: The needle-shaped rod that moves over the scale of
a meter or dial.
Potential: The amount of voltage or change between a point
and a zero reference point.
Potential Difference: The difference in potential between
any two points in a circuit.
Potential Energy: Energy due to position.
Pontentiometer: A measuring instrument for measuring direct
current electromotive forces.
Potentiometric Measurement: Comparing the unknown voltage
with a known voltage from a calibrated potentiometer.
Precision: The closeness of agreement between
randomly selected individual measurements or test results.
Pressure: Force exerted per unit area.
Preventive Action: Action taken to eliminate the
causes of a potential nonconformity defect or other
undesirable situation in order to prevent recurrence.
Primary Standard: A unit established by some authority or
developed through practical application of a formula.
Probability: A measure of how likely it is that some event
will occur.
Proportional Control: Control in which the amount of
corrective action is proportional to the amount of error.
Psychrometer: A instrument for measuring relative humidity.
Pyrometer: A device for measuring high temperatures.
Qualification Process: Process of demonstrating
whether an entity is capable of fulfilling specified
requirements.
Qualified: Status given to an entity when capability
of fulfilling specified requirements has been demonstrated.
Quality: The totality of features and characteristics
of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy
given needs.
Quality Assurance: All those planned or systematic
action necessary to provide adequate confidence that
adequate or service will satisfy given needs.
Quality Audit: A systematic and independent
examination to determine whether quality activities and
related results comply with planned arrangements and whether
these arrangements are implemented effectively and are
suitable to achieve objectives.
Quality Audit Observation: Statement of fact during a
quality audit and substantiated by objective audience.
Quality Control: The operational techniques and the
activities that sustain a quality of product or service that
will satisfy given needs; also, the use of such techniques
and activities.
Quality Evaluation: Systematic examination of the
extent to which an entity is capable of fulfilling specified
requirements.
Quality Losses: Losses caused by not realizing the
potential of resources in processes and activities.
Quality Management: The totality of functions
involved in the determination and achievement of quality.
Quality Manual: Document stating the quality policy
and describing the quality system of an organization. See
Davis Calibration
Quality Manual
Quality Plan: Document setting out the specific
quality practices, resources, and sequence of activities
relevant to a particular product, project, or contract.
Quality Policy: Overall intentions and direction of
an organization with regard to quality, as formally
expressed by top management.
Quality-related costs: Those costs incurred in
ensuring satisfactory quality, as well as the losses
incurred when satisfactory quality is not achieved.
Quality Surveillance: Continued monitoring and
verification of the status of an entity and analysis of
records to ensure that specification requirements are being
fulfilled.
Quality System: Organizational
structure procedures, processes and resources needed to
implement quality management.
Requirement for quality:
Expression of the needs or their translation into a set of
quantitatively or qualitatively stated requirements for the
characteristics of an entity to enable its realization and
examination.
Radiation: A method of transmission of energy.
Range: (1) Extent of coverage of effectiveness. (2) Measure
of distance.
Ratio Bridge: A bridge circuit that uses a calibrated
resistive or calibrated inductive voltage divider for one
side of the bride.
Reference Line: A line from which all other measurements are
taken.
Reference Plane: A reference lie that has been rotated
through 360 degrees.
Repeatability: Same reading each time for the same solution.
Resonance: An excited state of a stable particle causing a
sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of
electromagnetic radiation.
Restoring Force: The constant mechanical force provided.
RHO: The magnitude of the reflection coefficient.
Scale: (1) Something graduated when used as a measure or
rule. A series of spaces marked by lines to indicate the
magnitude of some quantity. (2) A weighing device.
Scintillation Counter: A device used for the detection of
radioactivity.
Secondary Emission: Electron emission that is the direct
result of the impact of electrons against a surface.
Seeback Effect: The EMF produced in a circuit containing two
contacting conductors of different metals having two
junctions at different temperatures.
Sensitivity: Full scale output divided by the rated capacity
of a given transducer / load cell.
Sensor: Element of measuring instrument or measuring chain
that is directly or indirectly affected by the measurand.
Servo System: A electromechanical system which is used for
positioning one element of a system in relation to another.
Shear: A deformation of an object in which parallel planes
remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to
themselves.
Solenoid Valve: A valve actuated by a solenoid for
controlling the flow of gases or liquid in pipes.
Span: Modules of the difference between the two limits of a
normal range.
Solid: The state in which a substance has no tendency to
flow under moderate stress.
Specifications: The range of values or numerical value which
ties the performance of the product parameter.
Spectrum: (1) The entire range of wavelengths within which
electromagnetic radiations occur. (2) A segment of
wavelengths which has a special function or possesses
special properties.
Stability: The ability of a measuring instrument to maintain
constant metrological characteristics with time.
Standard: (1) Conforming to or constituting a standard of
measurement or value.
(2) a basis for comparison. (3) the ideal in terms of which
something can be judged
Standard Deviation: A mathematical quantity used to
characterize the dispersion of results.
Standard Operating Conditions, standard temperature and
pressure (STP): Defined temperature and pressure to which
all values are referenced for comparison.
Standard Pressure: The pressure exerted by a column of
mercury exactly 760 mm high.
Standard Uncertainty: Uncertainty of the result of a
measurement expressed as a standard deviation.
Strain: Deformation of a material body under the action of
applied forces.
Straightness: The uniformity of direction throughout the
extent of that feature.
Stress: Force that produces strain on a physical body.
Stroboscope: Scientific instrument that provides a flashing
light synchronized with the periodic movement of an object.
Subcontractor: Organization that provides a product
to the supplier.
Supplier: Organization that provides a product to a
customer.
Surface Tension: The tendency of the surface of a liquid to
contract.
Tachometer: An instrument for measuring rotational speed in
revolutions per minute.
Temperature Coefficient: The change in measured value per
unit change in temperature.
Temperature Compensation: The method of reducing the effect
of a change in temperature on a force measuring instrument.
Terminal Linearity: Ratio of the actual error voltage in the
output to the total input voltage.
Termination: The load connected to the output end of a
circuit or transmission line.
Testing: A means of determining the capability of an
item to meet specified requirements by subjecting the item
to a set of physical, chemical, environmental or operation
actions and conditions
Test Instrument: The device being compared with the
calibration standard.
Test Line Limit: The pass or fail limit.
Theodolite: A optical instrument used for measuring
horizontal or vertical angles.
Thermistor: A semiconductor device made of materials whose
resistance varies as a function of temperature.
Tilt Graticule: A graduate reticule used in Collimators for
measuring vertical and horizontal tilt, or angular
deviation.
Time: Measurement of duration.
Torque: Cause of rotary motion. It is equal to the applied
force multiplied by the distance from the center of rotation.
Torr: 1/760 of and atmosphere.
Total quality management: Management approach of an
organization, centered on quality based on the participation
of its member and aiming at long-term success through
customer satisfaction and benefits of all members of the
organization and to society.
Traceability: Ability to trace the history,
application, or location of an entity by means of recorded
identification
Transducer: A device that provides an output quantity having
a determined relationship to the force.
Transfer: Standard used as in intermediary to compare
standards.
True Mass: Mass as measured in a vacuum.
Uncertainty: A parameter, associated with the result of a
measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measured.
Unit: A value, quantity, or magnitude of which other values,
quantities, or magnitudes are expressed.
Vacuum: Any pressure below atmospheric.
Velocity: The time rate of change of position.
Velocity Constant: The ratio of the velocity of propagation
in a transmission line to the velocity of light.
Verification: Confirmation by examination and
provision of objective evidence that specified requirements
have been filled.
Vibration: Mechanical oscillations or motion about a
reference point or equilibrium.
Viscosity: Resistance of a liquid to sheer forces (and hence
to flow).
VSLI: Very Large Scale Integration.
Volatile: Readily vaporizable at a relatively low
temperature.
Volume: The amount of space which matter occupies.
Wave Front: A surface composed at any instant of all the
points just reached by a vibration disturbance in its
propagation through a medium.
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object.
Calibration Terms:
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